《Science Advances》｜有机农业和保护性农业促进生态系统的多功能

摘要

生态系统为人类提供多种服务。然而，农业系统通常是根据其生产力和经济绩效进行评估的，对包括环境服务在内的农业生态系统多功能的系统和定量评估是缺失的。通过一个长期的农业系统实验，我们评估和比较了欧洲最广泛的可耕地种植系统：有机农业、保护农业和传统农业的农艺、经济和生态性能。分析了43个农业生态系统的特性，确定了农业生态系统的综合功能。我们的研究表明，有机和保护性农业促进了生态系统的多功能，特别是通过加强生物多样性保护、土壤和水质量以及气候减缓等调控和支持服务。相比之下，常规种植的多功能性减少，但产量最高。有机生产带来了更高的经济效益，这要归功于更高的产品价格和额外的补贴。我们的研究结果表明，不同的种植制度提供相反的服务，加剧了农业生态系统功能的生产力-环境保护困境。

Abstract

Ecosystems provide multiple services to humans. However, agricultural systems are usually evaluated on their productivity and economic performance, and a systematic and quantitative assessment of the multifunctionality of agroecosystems including environmental services is missing. Using a long-term farming system experiment, we evaluated and compared the agronomic, economic, and ecological performance of the most widespread arable cropping systems in Europe: organic, conservation, and conventional agriculture. We analyzed 43 agroecosystem properties and determined overall agroecosystem multifunctionality. We show that organic and conservation agriculture promoted ecosystem multifunctionality, especially by enhancing regulating and supporting services, including biodiversity preservation, soil and water quality, and climate mitigation. In contrast, conventional cropping showed reduced multifunctionality but delivered highest yield. Organic production resulted in higher economic performance, thanks to higher product prices and additional support payments. Our results demonstrate that different cropping systems provide opposing services, enforcing the productivity–environmental protection dilemma for agroecosystem functioning.

期刊简介

《科学》是科学新闻、评论和前沿研究的领先渠道。通过印刷版和网络版，《科学》在世界范围内拥有超过100万的读者。《科学》的作者也是全球性的，它的文章一直位居世界上被引用最多的研究之列。

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